MariaDB vs. MySQL

MySQL or MariaDB? Which database management system takes the upper hand? The open source project MySQL prides itself in being on the market for over 20 years. MariaDB, its so-called “fork,” first came onto the scene in 2009. It initially focused on the development of a drop-in replacement with high open source community standards. Currently, however, both projects are pursuing very different developmental objectives. Find out more about them in this article.

Finnish software engineer Michael “Monty” Widenius is the key figure behind the development of both MySQL and MariaDB. In 1995, together with the Swedish duo of David Axmark and Alan Larsson, Widenius formed his stock company MySQL AB, which (only one year after releasing the project for the first time) published its first open source database management system (DBMS) called MySQL. This consequently gave rise to their worldwide success. The system reached its peak in 2008 when it was sold to Sun Microsystems for 1 billion dollars.

In 2009, Wildenius left the software project together with other key MySQL developers and immediately began laying foundations for MySQL’s new project fork – MariaDB. The reason for Wildenius’ break-up with his previous project was the imminent take-over by Sun Microsystems lead by the highly controversial software giants Oracle in 2010. Widenius’ development team feared that Oracle would get into a conflict of interest with them if the giants were to redevelop the open source software – MySQL – as well as any proprietary database software.

According to Widenius, MariaDB should:

• Keep talented team members contributing to the rise of MySQL under one roof
• Promote the continuation of community development engines
• Make sure that a free version of MySQL is always available to all users

It is for this reason that Widenius formed the MariaDB-Foundation in 2012, the establishment of which has been made possible by Monty Program AB – a company formed in 2009 by Widenius himself. In 2014, MariaDB Foundation fused with SkySQL, subsequently forming the MariaDB Corporation.

During the initial development phase of MariaDB and its servers (the community project of the MariaDB Foundation), the main figures of the MariaDB Corporation took care of its commercial business units. MariaDB Corporation simply wanted to distance itself from a situation in which it would be managed by the same administrative entity as Oracle. This split was taken rather positively by the open source community in question.

MariaDB’s main focus is the open development system, to which there are two main principles:

• The source code of the program parts under development is made available by means of public repositories
• All steps taken during the development stage are made public

Contrary to this, Oracle’s dual licensing system has been strongly criticised by the open source community. The criticism is based on the increasing differences between the open source community version and the proprietary MySQL products. In the past, what has also received its fair share of criticism is the ambiguous manner in which software errors were dealt with.

Timeline presentation of MySQL’s and MariaDB’s progress

The database management systems of MySQL and MariaDB are, in their essence, based on the same software solution. Although MariaDB is a fork (in other words, a spin-off version) of MySQL 5.1, over the course of time, it has evolved into a stand-alone database management system. Here, we present the main differences of the current GA (general availability) versions of MySQL 8.0.11 and Maria 10.2.8. The following points will be discussed:

• Database structure
• Database engines
• Database queries
• Performance
• Availability
• Safety of use
• Ecological compatibility
• Support
• Documentation and community

The development of MariaDB has been based on the need to guarantee its users a drop-in-replacement for MySQL which would be fully compatible with the database structure, APIs, and configuration data. Upgrading from MySQL to MariaDB or vice versa should be as easy as upgrading from one version of MySQL to another. MariaDB’s development team have managed to achieve this objective up to and including the 7^th version of MySQL.

Essentially, the same database management systems are used for both database structures in question. Both comply with the relational database model. Their data and table definitions are compatible, while identical protocols, structures, and programming interfaces (API) also apply to both. All MySQL connectors can be used with MariaDB without the need to modify them in such a way that applications and tools of standard database interfaces such as ODBC or JDBC are interlinked. MariaDB’s command line tools such as mysqldump or mysqladmin are also valuable during administrative tasks and the creation of backups.

To completely eradicate any compatibility issues, the development team of MariaDB performs monthly synchronisations of the fork’s source code with that of MySQL. The binary compatibility of both database management systems has however come to an end with the release of MySQL 8. From this version, MySQL is no longer downwardly compatible neither with any of its older versions nor with MariaDB.

New transactional data dictionary of MySQL 8 proves that the development of the open source projects in question has diverged into two paths. This is part of the metadata processing strategy, which differs substantially to any of its previous concepts. Since MariaDB has not come up with a similar feature so far, it is safe to assume that a data file-orientated compatibility will not be available in the near future between the two systems.

For reasons motivated by the need for flexibility, MariaDB intends to move away from MySQL in the near future. Aside from standard engines supported by MySQL, users would also be able to avail of a large number of alternative database engines for special application scenarios.

The following table shows what database engines are available for MySQL 8.0.11 and MariaD 10.3 (as documented by the suppliers themselves).

The scope of application of MySQL does not differ to that of MariaDB. Both database management systems aim to achieve a 100% compatibility rate with the database query language SQL. Users avail of identical SQL Statements when creating, updating, retrieving, or erasing database entries.

The efficiency of database systems has the most direct influence on business operations of any enterprise. Users interested in one of the open source projects of Widenius often ask themselves whether MariaDB offers better performance levels than MySQL. Benchmark tests such as DBT-3 point to this conclusion. The decisive factor here is the type of database engines used by both the former and latter system. Benchmark tests for set-ups with differing database engines are available to all users of the developer communities in question on their respective project websites.

The informative value of each practical application test is nevertheless bounded by certain limitations. After all, the performance of each database largely depends on the extent to which the implementation of new software has been tailored to respective needs and requirements. To be able to match the software to individual application cases, users should concentrate on the options offered by each database management system.

MariaDB takes the upper hand not only with its large selection of alternative database engines, but also with its efficient SQL Query Optimizer. In other words, when optimising queries, MariaDB (from version 10.0.1 onwards) no longer looks at internal statistics of respective database engines, but rather takes into account engine-independent table statistics. These are saved in various databases as conventional tables, which record and evaluate noticeably larger values, consequently determining the ideal plan for the implementation of SQL Statements.

Those who are interested in availing of guidelines for the optimisation of database performance can find them on MariaDB’s official website. Its corresponding articles offer information on operating systems, configurations, optimisation strategies for data structure, index and table optimisations, performance strategies for various queries and subqueries, as well as tips and tricks on system variables, buffers, caches, threads, database-type performance improvements, encryptions, hashing, and compressions.

MySQL also offers large-scale informative materials on database tuning. These are, however, made available to a selected number of users who possess an Oracle web account.

Both MySQL and MariaDB are suited for cases of distributed databases. To be able to offer users highly available systems with linear scalability, both software projects provide the following cluster solutions:

• MySQL Cluster
• MariaDB Galera Cluster

MySQL Cluster is all about ACID-based model of real-time transaction databases, which achieve a 99.9999% availability rate without any single point of failure by means of multi-master architecture. Databases can be scaled horizontally thanks to standard hardware and offer an auto-sharing function for read- and write-intensive workloads. Accessing data depends on the SQL or NoSQL interface requirements. MySQL Cluster is released separately, with 7.5 as the current version. Just like MySQL, this cluster solution is sold with a dual license system. The community version, however, is provided with the GNU General Public License.

In distributed database systems, MariaDB is based on Codership’s (Finnish software company) cluster software Galera. Appropriate interface structure has been integrated by default into MariaDB from version 10.1 onwards. Downloading a separate cluster version is therefore not necessary. Multi-master architecture is also an underlying structural component of MariaDB’s Galera Cluster. InnoDB (or XtraDB) steps in as the sole database engine for cluster operations. To be able to withdraw individual cluster solutions from MySQL products, MariaDB’s developer team have come up with MaxScale – a special extension to the database management system in question, which offers its users additional features enabling routing in distributed systems.

MaxScale is a database proxy primarily used for load distributions. It can be configured by means of plugins in such a way that it does not only forward database access, but also conforms to certain requirements when necessary. The proxy in question anonymises sensitive data by depersonalizing it (by means of usernames), blocks requests in accordance with preconfigured rules, protects from denial of service (DoS) attacks, automatically initiates network failover mechanisms, and enhances the performance of databases by means of caching and read-write splitting (redirecting from read-and-write access to various database instances).

Contrary to MariaDB, MaxScale has not been covered by GPL license since its 2.0 version. Instead, MariaDB has developed its own license model – Business Source License (BSL) – which combines the demand for an open source community with the economic requirements of software development.

Chief evangelist Kaj Arnö explains MariaDB’s objectives related to BSL in a keynote during the 2016 IT Days in Frankfurt (starting from 35:35):

Encryption, authentication, and user roles are among the most important safety features of a database management system.

Both MySQL and MariaDB offer encryption methods for inactive data (called data-at-rest). MySQL implements the encryption of data already saved in databases by means of the InnoDB engine at tablespace level. The encryption of individual database tables is not possible.

As of version 10.1, the encryption functions of MariaDB differ substantially from those of its competitors, as they include encryption methods for data-at-rest for the following database tiers:

• InnoDB tablespaces
• InnoDB tables
• InnoDB log files
• Aria tables
• Temporary datasets
• Binary log data

With the aid of Rolling Encryption Keys, MariaDB offers an additional function, which determines the expiry date of encryption keys.

Both database management systems support the Key Management Service (KMS) of Amazon Web Services by means of a special plug-in.

User authentication of both MySQL and MariaDB therefore relies on a plug-in system. MySQL’s development team has made two authentication plug-ins for its users –sha256_password and caching_sha2_password. Apart from its standard authentication by means of a Secure Hash Algorithm, the latter also offers server-based caching enabling much quicker re-authentications.

Up until version 10.1.21, MariaDB, too, relied on Secure Hash Algorithms in the form of SHA-1. As of version 10.1.22, the ed25515-plugin has been implemented, which combines SHA-2 with Curve25519 by means of an EdDSA digital signature scheme.

The encryption technology used by MariaDB primarily stems from Google and the German software company Eperi.

Both database management systems in question support SSL-encrypted connections.

When it comes to database security, MariaDB’s unique selling point is based on role-based access control (RBAC), which has been implemented into its system from version 10.0.5 onwards. Above all, it eases the management of access rights and reduces the amount of errors related to the manual distribution of rights. So far, MySQL has been unsuccessful at implementing similar features.

The dual licensing system used by Oracle in MySQL follows an open core strategy. While MySQL’s community edition and its public source code are available for free, its various extensions are only supplied in conjunction with one of the commercial editions. Thanks to a strong cross-link with the open source community, MariaDB and its development team enabled the implementation of interfaces for open source alternatives for the majority of proprietary MySQL products.

Professional support is only made available to a selected amount of MariaDB and MySQL users.

Those who avail of a license for proprietary MySQL products also gain access to Oracle Premier Support, which offers unlimited around-the-clock help, access to knowledge databases, maintenance releases, bug fixes, patches, and updates. As well as that, the service in question offers remote troubleshooting and professional advice on performance tuning and installation. If necessary, users can review and examine elements such as custom replications, partitions, outline plans, searches, APIs, server extensions, functions, and routines with the aid of professional MySQL support technicians.

The MariaDB Corporation sells support services, which can be acquired with a MariaDB subscription. The subscription also encompasses a 24/7 support with a maximum reaction time of 30 minutes as well as a notification service, patches, and bug fixes. Fee-based trainings, remote database administration, performance-based advice, high availability, safety of use, software testing, and migration services are also included. According to MariaDB representatives, the support team offers professional assistance for both MariaDB and MySQL. Since the latter’s development team has almost entirely switched to the former company, MariaDB prides itself in having employees with a more advanced understanding of MySQL’s code than Oracle’s support team itself.

MySQL is owned by the Oracle Corporation, which has published an extensive amount of documentation on all of MySQL’s open source projects. Furthermore, to get a better grasp on MySQL and its corresponding concepts, users can avail of the following options:

• MySQL Events
• MySQL User Groups

The MariaDB Foundation is responsible for any MariaDB-related documentation and the support of respective user communities.

Those who want to get involved in the development and documentation process of MariaDB servers or open source software application of MariaDB’s ecosystem can find relevant information on the official website of the MariaDB Foundation.

MySQL is a proven database management system made available to all users in the form of open source software. Furthermore, it is supplemented by numerous enterprise-orientated extensions. MariaDB’s development team lead by Michael Widenius has taken over the most important components of MySQL’s software and enhanced it with additional features. By performing a comparison of the main characteristic of the two database management systems in question, the following table shows the possible benefits of a switchover from MySQL to MariaDB.

Oracle’s MySQL is a well-respected database management system which has enjoyed huge popularity for more than 20 years. Under Oracle’s patronage, it can assert itself as an independent software project with space for continuous maintenance, development, and further improvements. However, those wishing to exhaust all potentialities of MySQL’s ecosystem can quickly encounter various limitations of MySQL’s free community edition. Professional tools for monitoring, backup, load balancing, routing, and database safety purposes are only offered in conjunction with an appropriate fee-based license.

Though MariaDB emerged from MySQL, the former is nowadays an autonomous database solution for productive use.

MariaDB consists of MySQL’s development team which can rely on the large support of the open source community. This makes it possible for the MariaDB Foundation to render open source alternatives available to numerous enterprise-orientated extensions of MySQL’s ecosystem, which do not do not necessarily comply with all open source standards envisaged by Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond.

Both software projects in question will diverge even further away from each other in the near future. Up until now, MariaDB has been primarily seen as an open source drop-in replacement for MySQL. However, it will soon prioritise the development of exclusive features and extensions such as MaxScale and ColumnStore. Such application possibilities give MariaDB the edge over MySQL. The reputation of the development team is therefore no longer the decisive factor between MySQL or MariaDB. Instead, it is worth questioning the extent to which the spectrum of functions of each database management system covers your needs.